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DANIEL WEBSTER. 



ANIEL WEBSTER was born in Salisbury, N. IT., on the 18th of 


JLy January, 1782. His great-great-grandfather, Thomas Webster, 
migrated from Norfolk, England, and settled in Hampton, N. H., in 1656, 
nearly two centuries ago. Ebenezer Webster, father of Daniel, born in 
1739, was a pioneer in Salisbury, served with credit in the Rangers 
during the Old French War, and in our Revolutionary struggle fought at 
White Plains, and led a company gallantly in the battle of Bennington. 
After our independence was secured, he was chosen Representative, Sen- 
ator, and finally Judge of the Common Pleas, which office he held from 
1791 to 1805. He died in 1806, aged sixty-seven. 

Daniel Webster was cradled in poverty, and early inured to labor, 
walking two miles and a half to common school in winter, and working 
on his father’s farm in summer. When fourteen he was sent to the famous 
“ Phillips’ Academy,” in Exeter, N. H., and the next year to Dart- 
mouth College, where he graduated with honor ; taught an academy at 
Fryeburg, Maine, one year, and then betook himself to the study of the 
law, first in Salisbury, and then in Boston, in the office of Christopher 
Gore, afterward Governor of Massachusetts ; was admitted to the bar in 
1805 ; practised a short time in Boscawen, N. H. ; removing thence, in 
1807, to Portsmouth, was married next year to Grace Fletcher, of Hop- 
kinton, N.H., by whom he had four children, of whom but one (Fletcher) 
survives him. The mother died suddenly, while on her way with her 
husband to Washington, late in 1827. 

Mr. Webster remained nine years in Portsmouth, and there acquired 


2 DANIEL WEBSTER. 

an extensive practice and enviable reputation, 
first time a candidate for office, being nominated for Congress by the Fed- 
eralists of New Hampshire, and elected after a most vehement contest. 
(The state then chose its members by general ticket.) Though never 
before a member of a legislative body, he rose at once to a high rank 
among parliamentary debaters. He opposed the invasion of Canada, and 
all schemes of aggression and conquest ; ardently advocated the enlarge- 
ment of our navy, and the prosecution of the war on the ocean, but con- 
demned the policy which had involved the country in hostilities, and 
urged an early peace. His house, with all its contents, was destroyed 
by fire, during his absence at Washington, in January, 1814. He 
removed to Boston in August, 1816. His fame as a jurist was greatly 
increased by his defence of Dartmouth College against the assumptions 
of the Legislature of New Hampshire to alter and modify its charter at 
pleasure, — a claim which was sustained by the courts of New Hamp- 
shire, but overruled by the United States Supreme Court, on Mr. Web- 
ster’s argument, in March, 1818. 

He devoted himself assiduously to the law in Boston, refusing invita- 
tions to embark in politics, but serving as an elector of president, and 
then as member of the State Constitutional Convention, until, in 1822, 
he was persuaded to stand for Congress, and elected by a large majority. 
He took his seat in December, 1828, and immediately signalized him- 
self by a proposition and speech looking to the recognition of Greece as 
an independent nation. He made, at the same session, the ablest free- 
trade argument ever presented to Congress. It was overborne, however, 
by the speech of Mr. Clay in favor of protection, and the tariff bill of 
1824 became a law. Mr. Webster was reelected, without opposition, in 
1824; and would have been returned in 1826, but he was that year elected 
to the United States Senate, where he took his seat in January, 1828. 

His speeches against Hayne, in 1829, on the right of a state to nul- 
lify an act of Congress, were the greatest intellectual achievements of his 
life. They may be said to have practically settled the question, so that, 



In 1812 he was for the 





DANIEL WEBSTER. 





though nullification has since been threatened, no danger remains that it 
will ever be in earnest attempted. 

Mr. Webster remained in the Senate till March 4, 1841, and was a 
leading participator in the discussions growing out of the attempted re- 
charter of the United States Bank, tariff compromise of 1834, the removal 
of the deposits, the specie circular, the expunging resolution, &c. From 
an original free-trader, he became a warm and impressive advocate of 
protection to home industry, regarding the policy of the country as set- 
tled by the acts of 1824 and 1828, and the interests thereby called into 
existence justly entitled to legislative support. He therefore opposed 
the tariff compromise of 1834, which nevertheless prevailed. 

Upon General Harrison’s election to the presidency, Mr. Webster 
was called to the post of Secretary of State, which he continued to 
hold, after General Harrison’s death and Mr. Tyler’s accession, until late 
in 1842. During this time he negotiated with Lord Ashburton the 
treaty of Washington, by which the north-eastern boundary of Maine 
was settled. After retiring from the cabinet, he remained in private life 
till 1845, when he was again chosen to the Senate, on the retirement 
of Mr. Choate. He spoke, in 1846, in favor of the Oregon boundary 
treaty ; in 1848, against the claim of the South to extend slavery into 
the new territories ; and on the seventh of March, 1850, in favor of the 
adjustment of the territorial and slavery dispute by compromise, wherein 
the Wilmot Proviso should be surrendered by the North, as needless and 
irritating. He afterwards signalized himself by a zealous advocacy of 
the Fugitive Slave Law. 

Mr. Webster was first proposed for president in 1836, when Massa- 
chusetts gave him her electoral vote, but was seconded by no other state. 
In 1848 his name was submitted to the whig national convention at 
Philadelphia, but his vote never reached thirty. In 1852 his name was 
again submitted to the whig national convention at Baltimore, but his 
highest vote on any ballot was thirty-three. It is understood that one 
hundred and six Southern votes were ready to be cast for him whenever 









DANIEL WEBSTER. 


W e- <Sr- 


they would secure his nomination ; but the opportunity was never pre- 
sented. 

In 1850, on the accession of Mr. Fillmore to the presidency, Mr. 
Webster was called again to the first place in the cabinet, which he con- 
tinued to hold till his death. He left Washington in ill health during 
the summer of 1852, and retired to his country residence at Marshfield, 
Massachusetts, and soon after met with a severe injury, by being thrown 
from a wagon. His health continued to decline, until, on the twenty- 
first of October, his illness was felt to be dangerous, from which time he 
rapidly sunk, until his death, which occurred on Sunday morning, October 
24, at a little before three o'clock. His last hours were irradiated by 
penitence, prayer, and the consolations of Christian faith and hope. 

Thus lived and died the greatest man, intellectually, that America has 
yet produced — her most chaste and cogent orator, and one of her most 
accomplished and thoroughly qualified statesmen. His Plymouth Rock 
and Bunker Hill orations, his replies to Hayne and letter to Hulsemann, 
will live while our language is spoken ; and, long after his faults and his 
frailties shall have been forgotten, the American people will do honor to 
his genius, his understanding and his patriotism. 





PREFACE 


T HE call of Mr. Webster, on the evening preceding his death, for 
the reading of a portion of “ Gray's Elegy in a Country Church- 
yard,' ' has awakened in many minds a new interest in that immortal 
production. From its first appearance, a century ago, to the present 
day, it has been deemed one of the best specimens of English verse. 
This poem is said to have been for many years under correction and 
improvement ; and perhaps it would never have seen the light, but for 
the publication of a copy surreptitiously obtained. It passed, at once, 
to its permanent place in English literature. The call of Mr. Webster 
for it on his dying bed is very naturally associated with a similar inci- 
dent which preceded the death of Wolfe. That commander, reduced 
to straits by the dilatory movements of Amherst on Lake Champlain, 
and the failure of Johnson's cooperation, was under the necessity of fail- 
ing altogether, or of achieving victory by the boldest enterprise. Just 
recovering from illness, and with strength only sufficient for imperative 
business, he conceived the design of landing his troops beneath the 
Heights of Abraham, and of ascending by a winding path, scarcely wide 
enough to permit two to walk abreast. Drawing the attention of the 


Wi^sy'-'ixy ( '$<y^ 


v c 






VI 


PREFACE. 


French to other points, he collected as many boats as he could with- 
out raising suspicion, for the embarkation of his troops. At one o’clock 
in the morning, on the 13th of September, the night dark, and the tide 
flowing in the favorable direction, he suddenly gave the order to embark. 
Silently, swiftly, the boats moved upon the tide, every mind occupied 
with the thought of the dawn and its work. No word was spoken. 
Wolfe alone, bending to the officers near him, broke the stillness, repeat- 
ing stanzas of Gray’s Elegy. What stanzas we do not know. One was, 

“ The boast of heraldry, the pomp of power, 

And all that beauty, all that wealth e’er gave, 

Await alike the inevitable hour, — 

The paths of glory lead but to the grave.” 

How prophetic ! Wolfe himself was, at that moment, in the path of 
glory, and on the day about to dawn it led to the grave ! When he 
had finished the recitation, he said: “ Gentlemen, I would prefer being 
the author of that poem to the glory of beating the French to-morrow.” 
The Elegy was then a recent production. It was published about 1750. 
Wolfe took Quebec in 1759. 

The Earl of Carlisle delivered a lecture at Sheffield, England, before 
the Mechanics’ Institute of that ancient town, on the Poetry of Gray. 
The audience was composed of the Mayor and Aldermen of Sheffield, 
the poet James Montgomery, and the highly intelligent members of the 
institute, as well as many individuals of note. We .give below the 
closing part of the lecture, which relates entirely to the world-renowned 
production, — the “ Elegy in a Country Church-yard.” 

“ I have reserved for the last topic of observation the 4 Elegy in a 
Country Church-yard.’ And let me here say that, however artificial 
the poetry of Gray may have been sometimes denominated, I believe I 
do not go too far in stating that his Elegy is, for its size, the most popu- 





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PREFACE. 



lar poem ever written in any language. In corroboration of this rather 
positive opinion, I may appeal to the common verdict of mankind ; to 
its lines forming household words in all memories ; to its being the 
subject of incessant quotation, and of scarcely less frequent translation, 
imitation, and parody. I prefer to repeat no other terms of eulogy than 
those of Dr. Johnson himself. His words are, £ In the character of the 
Elegy I rejoice to concur with the common reader ; for by the common 
sense of readers, uncorrupted with literary prejudices, after all the 
refinements of sub til ty, and the dogmatism of learning, must be finally 
decided all claim to poetical honor. The Church-yard abounds with 
images which find a mirror in every mind, and with sentiments to which 
every bosom returns an echo. Had Gray written often thus, it had 
been vain to blame and useless to praise him/ But I am able to adduce 
testimony still higher, more affecting, and probably unparalleled in its 
kind, to the merits of this surpassing poem, and its influence over the 
human heart. We are always glad to have our own judgments assisted 
and guided by the thoughts and sayings of eminent men; and these 
acquire a more impressive and thrilling interest, if they have been 
expressed shortly before the close of their lives.' ’ 

After alluding to the anecdote which we have above related, in regard 
to General Wolfe, he says: — “I pass on to a more recent instance. 
About two months ago, the great American statesman, Mr. Webster, 
was lying upon his death-bed. Of course, this is not the occasion for 
estimating the character and qualities of Mr. Webster. Upon two 
points I think there can be little difference of opinion, — the force of 
his intellectual powers, and the affecting and ennobling account we have 
received of his dying hours. But, from the particulars which are there 
recorded, we find that even in the intervals of severe pain, even in 
the languor of decaying nature, even amidst the appropriate and 











PREFACE. 





exalted topics of Christian penitence and hope, there was a further 
craving of the dying man yet unsatisfied. We are told that he was 
heard to repeat, somewhat indistinctly, the words, ‘ Poet, poetry, — 
Gray, Gray.' His son repeated the first line of the Elegy, 

‘ The curfew tolls the knell of parting day.’ 

‘ That ’s it, that *s it ! ” exclaimed Mr. Webster. The book was brought, 
and other stanzas read, which seemed to give him pleasure. Surely it 
is not a slight thing to have satisfied, so far as the world they were 
about to leave was concerned, the latest aspirations of such a hero as 
Wolfe, and such a statesman as Webster. 

“ The very popularity and general acceptance of so brief a poem dis- 
courages any multiplied quotations from it. The opening of the de- 
scription at once puts the village life of England before us, even though 
the very commencing word — the curfew — is rather a recollection of 
obsolete habits. In the second stanza is there not twilight in the very 
sounds ? 

‘ Now fades the glimmering landscape on the sight, 

And all the air a solemn stillness holds, 

Save where the beetle wheels his droning flight, 

And drowsy tinklings lull the distant folds.’ 

All is so purely appropriate, without being for an instant tame or undig- 
nified, which is the great difference, to my mind, between Gray and 
more modern schools. Then we have the picture of the specific subject 
of the poem taken more closely : 

‘ Beneath these rugged elms, that yew-tree’s shade, 

Where heaves the turf in many a mouldering heap, 

Each in his narrow cell forever laid, 

The rude forefathers of the hamlet sleep.’ 

“ All sermons are here concentrated, and here every expression comes 
up to the full dignity of ^he most solemn of all human themes, without 

















PREFACE. 


the slightest strain or inflation. You would justly blame me if I forbore 
to remind you how it is said, with most eloquent truth, 

* Perchance in this neglected spot is laid 

Some heart once pregnant with celestial fire, 

Hands that the rod of empire might have swayed, 

Or waked to ecstasy the living lyre.’ 

I must not pursue the description of the care-crazed or love-crossed 
youth, and his epitaph. I would rather ask you to judge what the 



(.£> 



excellence of the finished poem must be from which the author deliber- 
ately rejected two such stanzas as these, after they had been once 
inserted : 

‘ Hark ! how the sacred calm that breathes around 
Bids every fierce, tumultuous passion cease, 

In still, small accents breathing from the ground 
A grateful earnest of eternal peace.” 

And this, descriptive of the rustic tomb of the village scholar : 

‘ There scattered oft, the earliest of the year, 

By hands unseen, are showers of violets found ; 

The redbreast loves' to build and warble there, 

And little footsteps lightly print the ground. 


“ Such were the still, melancholy but gentle and tender reveries of 
the poet, to whom we must now bid farewell in the church-yard of Stoke 
Pogis ; for, although its claim to be the actual scene of the * Elegy ’ is 


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disputed with another neighboring village, I cannot question that the 
one which was nearest to his place of residence, answering adequately 
as it does to all the touches in his description, and which has since 
received his mother's remains and his own, was the real theatre of 
inspiration ; but whoever, among the numerous English and American 
pilgrims who flock thither every year, may gaze on that sequestered 
spot, even without such fond domestic associations as I have recently 
















PREFACE. 




happened to acquire with it, will not be slow to acknowledge the grace 
and charm of that strictly English scenery which composes the whole 
view. Immediately before and around you see the ivy-mantled tower, 
the rugged elms, the yew-tree's shade, the mouldering turf-heaps ; skirt- 
ing this precinct are the smooth turf, the over-arching glades, the repos- 
ing deer of the English park ; not far beyond are £ the antique towers ' 
of Eton, £ the stately brow ’ of Windsor. But even the loyalty, the 
chivalry, the learning of our annals, are put aside for a time ; you feel 
the ground to be sacred to the common lot and daily life of humanity, 
and that these, together with that soft, peaceful landscape which sur- 
rounds you, have been adorned and ennobled by the muse of Gray." 

We also make an extract from the ££ Note-book of a Traveller," in 
relation to the burial-place of Gray. After speaking of the gorgeous 
emblems and marble mementos of the nobles and rulers of honored mem- 
ory, which he considered only as ££ memorials of another age, when the 
monarch bowed before Him who is King over all," he continues : 

££ Leaving this burial-place of the rich and noble, I turned my foot- 
steps towards the church of Stoke Pogis. At a distance of two or three 
miles from Windsor, far removed from the public highway, and within 
the fine old park formerly belonging to the family of William Penn, 
stands the church of Stoke Pogis. Here, under the £ aged elm and yew- 
tree's shade,' lie the ashes of Thomas Gray. I had spent an hour in 
the morning viewing the old and ivy-covered church at Upton (also in the 
immediate neighborhood of Windsor), and reading the inscriptions upon 
the decaying stones which mark the mouldering graves of past genera- 
tions. Through fissures in the walls you may look in upon the heaps of 
dust which now cover the sacred places where a worshipping congrega- 
tion once bowed in the presence of their Creator. An ivy, gnarled and 
knotted by age, with a trunk like that of a forest- tree in size, spreads its 





PREFACE. XI 

vast branches over this edifice, now fast passing into ruins. A venerable 
yew-tree still guards the entrance into the church-yard, and throws its 
sombre shade over the humble places where 

‘ The rude forefathers of the hamlet sleep.’ 

It is this spot, or Stoke Pogis, which the poet is supposed to have had 
in his mind when he wrote his Elegy in a Country Church-yard. Either 
place answers the description. The church at Stoke Pogis is, however, 
in good repair. On a tablet under the east window of the church is the 
following inscription : 

‘ Opposite to this stone, in the same tomb upon which he has so feelingly recorded his grief 
at the loss of a beloved parent, are deposited the remains of Thomas Gray, the author of the 
Elegy written in a Country Church-yard, etc. etc. etc. He was buried August 6th, 1771.’ 

“ A plain, unpretending tomb covers the poet and his mother. At 
Stoke Pogis the elms and the yew-trees shade the graves of the hamlet 
forefathers. I sat for a long time beneath those yews, thinking that, in 
all human probability, the blood of these men was still flowing in the 
veins of my own countrymen ; for around me I saw the graves of Parry, 
of Cooper, of Goddard, of Gould, of Geere, and many other names familiar 
in our own land. And then I thought how much more desirable was the 
fame of the poet than of the king. This country church-yard has 
attractions not found beneath the roof of the Royal Chapel of St. 
George. Few care as to where rest the ashes of Charles the First, of 
George the Third, and George the Fourth, and William the Fourth. But 
the country church-yard where Gray wrote his Elegy, and where sleeps 
all that was mortal of him, is precious and sacred to every reader of the 
English language. The vision rises to view in city and in country, in 
hall and in cottage, in the groves of the academy, and in the primeval 
forest where the smoke from the woodman's hut gives notice of advancing 



XII PREFACE. 


civilization. I remained musing for a long time. No human voice dis- 
turbed the tranquillity of the scene. The deer which had been feeding 
in the park were gathering and lying down to their rest. The songs of 
the birds in the leafy elms had ceased, for the shades of evening were 
advancing. The morn would break on the morrow, but 

‘The cock’s shrill clarion and the echoing horn’ 

would never arouse the poet, or those who sleep around him, from their 
lowly beds. c Peace to their ashes ! 9 was my humble benediction, as I 
bade farewell to this sequestered and beautiful spot, consecrated by 
genius.' * 

The vignette on the title-page is a view of Stoke Pogis church, 
Buckinghamshire, the church-yard of which is the scene of this cele- 
brated poem, and near which is a monument, erected to the memory of 
Gray by the late John Penn, Esq., of Stoke Park. The original draw- 
ing is in the possession of Samuel Rogers, Esq. The tomb of the poet 
is at the south-east corner of the chancel, near that of his aunt, Mrs 
Mary Antrobus. 




































































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The breezy call of incense -breathing morn, 

The swallow twittering from the straw-built shed, 
The cock’s shrill clarion, or the echoing horn, 

No more shall rouse them from their lowly bed. 

















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Full many a gem, of purest ray serene, 

The dark, unfathomed caves of ocean bear ; 
Full many a flower is born to blush unseen, 
And waste its sweetness on the desert air. 











Some village Hampden, that with dauntless breast 
The little tyrant of his fields withstood, 

Some mute inglorious Milton, here may rest, — 
Some Cromwell guiltless of his country's blood. 


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Their lot forbade ; nor circumscribed alone 

Their growing virtues, but their crimes confined ; 
Forbade to wade through slaughter to a throne, 

And shut the gates of mercy on mankind ; 



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The struggling pangs of conscious truth to hide, 
To quench the blushes of ingenuous shame, 
Or heap the shrine of luxury and pride 

With incense kindled at the muse's flame. 







































Yet e’en these bones from insult to protect, 

Some frail memorial still erected nigh, 

With uncouth rhymes and shapeless sculpture decked, 
Implores the passing tribute of a sigh. 
























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c< The next, with dirges due, in sad array, 

Slow through the church-yard path we saw him borne ; 
Approach and read (for thou canst read) the lay 
Graved on the stone beneath yon aged thorn.” 
















































































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Here rests his head upon the lap of earth 

A youth to Fortune and to Fame unknown ; 
Fair Science frowned not on his humble birth, 
And Melancholy marked him for her own. 


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Large was his bounty, and his soul sincere, 

Heaven did a recompense as largely send ; 

He gave to Misery all he had, a tear ; 

He gained from Heaven (’t was all he wished) a friend 





















































♦ 























































— 









ADDITIONAL STANZAS. 

BY JAMES D. KNOWLES. 

XXXIII. 




No airy dreams their simple fancies fired, 

No thirst for wealth, nor panting after fame ; 
But truth divine sublimer hopes inspired, 

And urged them onward to a nobler aim. 


xxxiv. 

From every cottage with the day arose 
The hallowed voice of spirit-breathing prayer ; 
And artless anthems, at its peaceful close, 

Like holy incense, charmed the evening air. 


xxxv. 

Though they, each tone of human lore unknown, 
The brilliant path of science never trod, 

That sacred volume claimed their hearts alone, 
Which taught the way to glory and to God. 

xxxvi. 

Here they from Truth's eternal fountain drew 
The pure and gladdening waters, day by day ; 
Learned, since our days are evil, fleet and few, 
To walk in Wisdom's bright and peaceful way 



XXXVII. 


In yonder pile, o'er which has sternly passed 
The heavy hand of all- destroying Time, 

Through whose low, mouldering aisles now sighs the blast, 
And round whose altars grass and ivy climb, 


XXXVIII. 


They gladly thronged, their grateful hymns to raise, 
Oft as the calm and holy Sabbath shone ; 

The mingled tribute of their prayers and praise, 

In sweet communion, rose before the throne. 



XXXIX. 


Here, from those honored lips, which sacred fire 

From Heaven's high chancery hath touched, they hear 
Truths which their zeal inflame, their hopes inspire, 

Give wings to faith, and check affliction's tear ! 


XL. 



When life flowed by, and, like an angel, Death 
Came to release them to the world on high, 
Praise trembled still on each expiring breath, 
And holy triumph breathed from every eye. 


XLI . 


Then gentle hands their u dust to dust" consign; 

With quiet tears their simple rites are said; 
And here they sleep, till, at the trump divine, 
The earth and ocean render up their dead. 






The great are falling from us — to the dust ; 

Our flag droops midway, full of many sighs ; 

A nation’s glory and a people’s trust 

Lie in the ample pall where Webster lies. 

The great are falling from us — one by one, 

As fall the patriarchs of the forest-trees ; 

The wind shall seek them vainly, and the sun 
Gaze on each vacant space for centuries. 

Lo ! Carolina mourns her steadfast Pine, 

Which, like a mainmast, towered above her realm ; 

And Ashland hears no more the voice divine 
From out the branches of her stately Elm. 

And Marshfield’s giant Oak, whose stormy brow 
Oft turned the ocean-tempest from the west, 

Lies on the shore he guarded long, — and now 
Our startled eagle knows not where to rest. 








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7 — The Confessions of a Pretty Woman ; by Miss Pardoe. 

8vo. paper. 50 

8 — The Jealous Wife ; by Miss Pardoe. 8vo. paper. - 50 

9 — Moredun; by Sir Walter Scott. 8vo. paper. 50 

10 — An Introduction to Algebra ; by Warren Colburn, 

A. M. Sheep. 83 

11 — Little Folks Own ; by Mrs. L. S. Goodwin. 75 

12 — Webster and Hayne’s Celebrated Speeches in the 

U. S. Senate. 8vo. paper. 25 

13 — Home Scenes aud Home Sounds; by Mrs. H. Marion 

Stephens. - - - - - - - - -100 

14 — A Letter of Inquiry to Ministers of the Gospel of all 

Denominations on Slavery ; by the Rev. Dr. Nathan 
Lord, President of Dartmouth College. 15 

15 — The Coming Struggle among the Nations of the 

Earth ; reprinted from the sixtieth thousand of 
the London edition. 15 

16 — Hard Times ; by Charles Dickens. 25 

17 — Rambles ii^hili. 25 

18 — The Slave Riots, with Yerbatim Reports of the 

Speeches on both Sides of the Slavery Question ; 
also, Judge Loring’s Decision. 25 


W. P. FETRIDGE k CO., PUBLISHERS, 

Franklin Square, New York. 

BOSTON: FETRIDGE & CO., 

No. ICO "Washington Street. 




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